© 2002 Elis Nina Herliyana                                                        Posted  29 November, 2002

Makalah Pengantar Falsafah Sains (PPS702)

Program Pasca Sarjana / S3

Institut Pertanian Bogor

November  2002

 

 

Dosen:

Prof. Dr. Ir. Rudy C. Tarumingkeng (Penanggung Jawab)                                                       

Prof. Dr. Zahrial Coto

Dr. Bambang Purwantara

 

 

Biobleaching of Wood Pulp of Acacia Aangium and Pinus merkusii using Phanerochaete chrysosporium

 

 

 

By:

Elis Nina Herliyana

 

 

ABSTRACT

The white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium was tested to identify the ability for the biobleaching of wood pulp of Acacia mangium and Pinus merkusii.  This research was carried out in the laboratory of Forest Pathology and Laboratory of Bioindustry, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. The bleaching process of pulp that used in this experiment is "Solid Media Cultivation method".  The experiment was conducted in "bio-reactor" with different condition. Each bioreactor was filled with 100 gram pulp, 100 ml PDL (Potato dectros liquid) and 10 gram inoculum of fungi. The incubation period were  0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 week. The result showed that P. chrysosporium could increase significantly the brightness of pulp of A. mangium from 54,6 % to 67,5 % and pulp of P. merkusii from 43,3 % to 60,3 %.

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

The production of pulp in many countries in this moment is still produced throught chemically, especially with sulfatisation. This is due to the fact that chemical method have advantages compered with other methods, for examples, among them very quickly and high quality of pulp.  But in this moment, pulp which produced by sulfat process have not interested, because in the beginning.

 

We needed high investation and color of pulp was dark and the danger of polution of environment could be float to the surface. The industri of pulp and paper was knowed as sources of pollution of Environment, especially at bleaching pulp process (Casey 1980; Jurasek & Paice 1990). The aplication of biotechnology by using fungi-decomposed lignin was needed to study as one of alternativ for bleaching pulp process.  Some fungi that used to process bleaching were Coriolus versicolor (Paice et al 1989; Jurasik & Paice 1990; Ruhendi et al 1993), Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Kirk & Yang 1979), Phabia radiata (Viikari et al 1986). The aim of bleaching was to reduce residu lignin and other dye (kromofor) progresifly and to increase brightness of pulp.

 

The objective of the research was to study the effect of P. chrysosporium for bleaching pulp of wood Acacia mangium and P. merkusii.

 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Preparation of pulp sulphate

 

The sample pulps for this experiment were P. merkusii and A. mangium.  The process of pulping was done by sulfidity 25 % and the alkali activ for P. merkusii was 18 % and for A. mangium was 16 %.  The kappa numbers of A. mangium pulp was 9,48 and Kappa number of P. merkusii pulp was 14,37.

 

The biobleaching process

 

The biobleaching process of pulp in this experiment was used " Solid Media Cultivation Method".  The experiment was conducted in " bio-reactor" with different conditions, with aeration and non-aeration.  The aeration condition was flowted with air flowing 2,4 l/minute. Each "bioreactor" was stored in incubator under room temperatur. The optimum temperatur of the fungi were 26-300C. Temperatur in "bioreactor" were adjusted approximetly 25-26oC.  The humidity in incubator were about 74-92% (means of RH was 80%) and the humidity in the "bio-reactor" was adjusted + 90 %.  Each treatment were repeated three replications.

 

Each "bioreactor" was filled with 100 grams pulp, 100 ml PDB (Potato dextrose Broth) and 10 grams inoculum of fungi.  The period of incubation were adjusted 0,2,4,6 and 8 weeks. The PDB was added with source N optimum and pH optimum (from result of study of growth of fungi).  Source of N optimum was glisine with N contents 50 mg/l.  The optimum growth of P. chrysosporium was in pH + 6.  In other than, pH of substrat after sterilisation in autoclav had chanced become 5,88 on pulp A. mangium and 6,44 on pulp P. merkusii.

 

During the test period, content of lignin, kappa number and  brightness of the pulp were determined, and pH was measured.  The content of lignin of the pulp was determined by using the spektrofotometri method (Johnson, Moore & Zank 1961; Bagby, Cunningham & Maloney 1973).  The kappa number of pulp was determined by using the SII 0530-81 method.  The brightness was determined by using the SII 043781 methods.  And the pH of pulp was measured with pH-meter (Gumbira-Said 1992).

 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

After bleaching pulp A. mangium and P. merkusii with P. chrysosporium, kappa number of pulp A. mangium and P. merkusii with P. chrysosporium were decreased on aeration or anaeration condition (Bild 1).  The reduction of kappa numbers of both pulps above were in the same times with the reduction of content of lignin and the increasing brightness both of pulps.  P. chrysosporium  had been knowed that it can produce enzim who it can degrade content of lignin of wood or of pulp (ligninase, xilanase and selulase) (Highley & Kirk 1979). P. chrysosporium  can produce ligninase or lignin peroksidase (Tien & Kirk 1983, Glen et al 1983 in Trotter 1990). 

Result of analisis statistic showed that kappa number of pulp A. mangium less significan than kappa number of pulp P. merkusii.


 

 


After 8 weeks incubation, the application of P. chrysosporium on the pulp reduced the pH of Acacia pulp from 5.8 to 4.3 and reduced the pH of Pinus pulp from 6.4 to 4.3.

 


 


Content of lignin pulp A. mangium and P. merkusii were reduced significant of both conditions (aeration and anaeration) (Bild 2). 

Pelliner et al 1989 (in Reid et al 1990) reported that P. chrysosporium delignificated on pulp of nadle blat wood.  The kappa numbers means showed content of lignin too (Anonim 1991).  

Brightness pulp A. mangium and P. merkusii increased significant of both conditions (aeration and anaeration) (Bild 3). The result showed that P. chrysosporium could increase significantly the brightness of pulp of A. mangium from 54,6 % to 67,5 % and pulp of P. merkusii from 43,3 % to 60,3 %.

 

 

 

 


 

 


CONCLUSION

 

From the results of this study, it can be concluded that: P. chrysosporium have potention als biobleaching agent, because it can increased brightness of pulp A. mangium from 54,6% to 67,5% and it can increased brightness of pulp P. merkusii from 43,3% to 60,3% after 6 weeks incubation.  The optimal time of incubation was 6 weeks.  The result of statistic anality showed that on this time lignin content of pulp was minimum, and brightness was maximum.  But the kappa numbers on this time were not significanly.  The environment of process of aeration was not influenced obvious to kappa number, lignint content and brightness. The assumption was volume and distribution of air in this experiment minus.

 

 

 

REFERENCES

 

Anonim.  1991.  Tappi Test Methods. Volume 1.  Tappi Press.

 

Bagby, M. O., R. L. Cunningham & R. L. Maloney.  1973. Ultraviolet Spectral Determination of Lignin.  Tappi J.  56:162-163.

 

Casey, J. P.  1980.  Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Chemical Technology.  Vol. 1.  Third Edition.  Wiley Interscience Publisher Inc.  New York.

 

Gumbira-SaŽid, E.  1992.  Development of Packed Bed Solid-state Cultivation System for The Protein Enrichment of Sago Starch.  PhD Thesis.  Dept. of Chemical Eng. And Dept. of Microbiology. Univ. of Queensland, Queensland.  Australia.

 

Highley, T. I. & T. K. Kirk.  1979.  Mechanisms of Wood Decay and The Unique Features of Heartrots.  Symposium on Wood Decay J.  69: 1151-1157.

 

Johnson, D. B., W. E. Moore & L. C. Zank.  1961.  The Spectrophotometric Determination of Lignin in Small Wood Samples.  Tappi J.  November 44:793-798.

 

Jurasek, L. C. & M. G. Paice.  1990.  The Effect of Inoculum on Bleaching of Hardwood Kraft Pulp with Coriolus versicolor.  J. of Pulp and Paper Sci.  16:78-82.

 

Kirk, T. K. & H. H. Yang.  1979.  Partial Delignification of Unbleached Kraft Pulp with Lignolitic Fungi.  Biotechnol.  Letters.  1:347-351.

 

Paice, M. G., L. Jurasek, C. Ho, R. Bourbannais & F. Archibald.  1989.  Direct Biological Bleaching of Hardwood Kraft Pulp with The Fungus Coriolus versicolor.  Tappi J. 72:217-221.

 

Reid, I. D., M. G. Paice, C. Ho & L. Jurasek.  1990.  Biological Bleaching of Softwood Kraft Pulp with The Fungus Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor.  Tappi J. August: 149-153.

 

Ruhendi, S., K. Sofyan, I. G. K. Tapadarma & D. S. Nawawi.  1993.  Peningkatan Mutu Pulp Sulfat Melalui Proses Delignifikasi oleh Coriolus versicolor.  Makalah seminar penelitian PAU IPB, Bogor.

 

Tien, M. & Kirk T. K.  1984.  Lignin-degrading Enzyme from P. chrysosporium: Purification, Characterization and Catalytic properties of a Unique H2O2-Requering Oxygenase.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.  221-661.

 

Trotter, D. C.  1990.  Biotechnology in The Pulp and Paper Industry: A Review.  Part 1.  Tappi J.  April: 198-204.

 

Viikari, L., M. Ranua, A. Kantelinen, J. Sunquist & M. Lonko.  1986.  Proceedyng of 3rd International Conference of Biotechnology in Pulp and Paper Industry.  Swedish Forest Products Research Laboratory.  STFI.  Stocholm.