Group
VI Presentation
Posted 24 October 2001
Science
Philosophy (PPs 702)
Graduate Program
Institut Pertanian Bogor
October 2001
Instructor:
Prof Dr Ir Rudy C
Tarumingkeng
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE SEGARA
ANAKAN LAGOON
AND ITS
SORROUNDINGS, CILACAP, CENTRAL
JAVA, INDONESIA
By:
Abubakar,
Agustinus Yacub, Asriani Hasanudin, Ery Suhartanto, Herman Tabrany, Jarot. Prianggono,
Joko Christanto, Mobius
Tanari, Saihul Anwar (Ketua), Siti Marwah
This
article is written based on the Research that was carried out in the Segara Anakan
Lagoon on the south coast of Central Java, immediately northwest of Cilacap,
Central Java, and about 350 km southeast of Jakarta. The lagoon and its
surroundings are marked by several distinctive features, including an extensive
mangrove system, very rapid sedimentation, leading to progradation of the
shoreline, strong tidal influence and the presence of many varieties of fish,
crab and shrimp.
The main
objective of the article is to prepare
the Segara Anakan environs so as to ensure that economically and
socially valuable ecosystems are protected for the benefit of current and
future generations.
The method
used in the study is by using the analysis of
secondary data for supporting the result of the study. The result of the
study shows that commercial cutting and degradation of the mangroves has to be
controlled through the related agency concerned, and the need to be prepare
more sustainable basis for conserving and developing the lagoon’s future
resource base.
Based on the result of study, recommendation
can be formulated as follows: mangrove forest need to be protected by preparing
forest management guidance and instructions
that can be accessed and operasionalized by people in Kampung Laut
easily. Beside that, a certain areas should be made for the people in Kampung
Laut to use, for example as agricultural land, ponds and regeneration areas.
The mangrove forest in the surrounding of the Segara Anakan lagoon should be made as a protected zone.
And the best option for this is likely to be community base management. This is
emphasized local, village level, and control of resources.
The lagoon is a closely interlinked ecosystem comprising open water areas, mudflats, salt marshes and mangrove forests offering niches and habitats for a wide variety of animal and plant species, many of them endangered. It plays an important role in productivity of the coastal water of southern part of Central Java and hence supports economically to the livelihood of people. The lagoon is one of the few remaining wetland areas in the region and offers roosting and nesting places for a number of stationary and migratory birds.
The shoreline of the Segara
Anakan Lagoons has rapidly decreased during recent decades, especially after
the explosions of the Galunggung Mountain in 1983. The accretion has been from
the north to the south and from the
east to the west side of the area. This rapid sedimentation is due mainly to
sediment from the Citanduy river and the other smaller streams. The effect of
tides and currents on the morphology is very quick change.
All islands and newly formed
land in the Segara anakan lagoon proved to be occupied by the same species
found along the shoreline of the lagoon. The newly formed land is being inverted
by mangrove species, of which avicennia species are considered the chief
pioneers (Soeryowinoto, 1980 in Agus Pudjoarinto, 1982, cited from Eric, C.F.,
1982) along with Rizhophora. According to Hardjo suwarno (1980, cited
from Eric, C.F., 1982), at the mouth of the Donan river in the front zone of
mangrove consists predominantly of Avicennia species, but in the mouth of
Pekalongan river, Sonneratia species are dominants. Rujiman (1974)
mentioned that around the mouth of the Alur Buntu river, the front mangrove
zone is dominated by zonneratia alba Smith. He is also considered
that Sonneratia alba Smith also as pioneer along the coast of the Segara
Anakan area.
The mangrove forest of the
Segara Anakan is now degrading due to
the density of the population of the area surrounding the forest leading to
illegal cutting and the conversion of the mangrove forest into areas of
settlement and agriculture. According to Wiryokarmodjo, et al. 1979, it can be
seen that half of the mangrove forest in Kampung Laut has been damaged.
Poor upland soil management in the two watersheds causes considerable amount of sediments to be able to enter into the lagoon, bringing about a steady land accretion which overtime will completely engulf open water areas and wetlands. It is expected that within a period of ten years, the lagoon will have been completely choked by sediments and will have ceased to exist. The area that will have been a highly valuable and productive ecosystem will be covered by sediments and will only offer marginal farmlands for rainfed agricultural practices. In a subsequent definition of current threats and disturbances that have an impact on natural site processes and site value. As may be seen that the major management issues of the Segara Anakan are: 1) high rate of lagoon sedimentation and reducing open water area and water volume caused by agricultural development activities in the catchments areas and poor area management; 2) steady loss of mangrove forest area surrounding lagoon caused by poor lagoon area and buffer zone management; 3) uncontrolled aquaculture expansion of upland developments caused by poor lagoon area management; 4) uncoordinated and heavily impacting expansion of upland developments caused by poor buffer zone management; 5) uncontrolled and un-monitored pollution inputs caused by lack of management of the catchments area and from buffer zone (run offs of fertilizers and pesticides from farming plus household waste) and probably, from aquaculture.
The general objective of the
study is to prepare the environmental management of the Segara Anakan lagoon
and its surroundings so as to ensure that economically and socially valuable
ecosystems are protected for the benefit of current and future generations.
The method of the study is
an analysis of the secondary data. The secondary data were
obtained from several sources, namely: library, newspaper, related
institutions. An analysis secondary data has been used for obtaining the result
that can be applied to manage Segara Anakan. The secondary data is data that
has been obtained from institutions, such as: constitutes media government
report, pas project report document, government statistic/ministries, past
report, brochures, conference, workshops etc.
The scope of the study
consists of the following items: 1) create a basis for sustainable management
of natural resources in and around the Segara Anakan Lagoon and; 2)
stabilize the offshore fisheries that
largely depends on the existence and
ecological soundness and functioning of the Segara Anakan Lagoon.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
The Segara Anakan lagoon
mangrove complex, commonly called Segara Anakan lagoon, is located on the south
coast of Java and administratively The Segara Anakan is located in Kawunganten
Subdistrict, Cilacap, Central Java. The Segara Anakan Lagoon consists of a
central lagoon surrounded by mangrove swamps and recently accreted intertidal
land that has partially been converted into rice fields. The central lagoon has
remaining surface area of about 1,700 Ha and is surrounded by an equal area of
sloughs and tributaries, draining the mangrove swamps and intertidal land,
respectively. There are about 12,230 Ha of mangrove forests, with varying
degrees of disturbance, surrounding the
lagoon. The Lagoon is connected to the
Indian Ocean through two tidal channels, some 25 km apart, and is protected
from the sea by the rocky Nusa Kambangan island (about 30,000 ha) that runs
parallel to the coast. The lagoon complex receives inflow from two major river
basins: the Citanduy basin, with a catchments area of about 350,000 ha; and the
Segara Anakan basin, with a catchments area of about 96,000 ha, that drains
through the lagoon via two principal rivers, the Cibeureum and Cikonde.
Van Bemelen (1949) stated
that the coastal lowland belongs to the central depression zone of Java, the continuation
of the Citanduy Depression. The eastern area, a broad coastal plain with almost flat topography, consists of
beach sands, with intercalations of iron-sand pockets. The extent of the
lithology varies widely. The smooth coastline in this area indicates that
marine processes are stronger than terrestrial influxes. Unlike the eastern
area, where marine processes exceed terrestrial influxes, the area surroundings
the Segara Anakan shows that
terrestrial agents play dominant role in deposition. The Segara Anakan
itself is a body of brackish water, situated north of Nusa Kambangan Island.
This Island acts as a barrier protecting the Segara Anakan from the wave
of currents of the Indian Ocean, resulting in a low energy environment in the
Segara Anakan. The Segara Anakan is connected with the Indian Ocean by two
outlets, namely the western and the eastern. Since it occupies the
south-eastern continuation of the broad alluvial plain in the Citanduy River,
as well as from the Cibereum that flows in from the north. This results of the
flows in shallowing and narrowing of the Segara Anakan. If there is no
countermeasures are taken, it can be predicted that within a few decades the
present estuary will be completely
choked with alluvium. At present, the tide affected lowland surrounding the
Segara anakan is in the form of a mangrove swamp, crisscross by interconnected
tidal channels and underlied by alluviums and swamp sediments in the form of
clay and silt mixed with organic materials.
A coast, in particularly
beach, is often a rapidly changing landform. The complexity of the forces
initiating frequently rapid beach changes makes a proper analysis of coastal
features difficult (Zuidam and Zuidam, 1978). The beach form is affected by the
following main features; the beach material, wave, wind and tide. Human
interference may have a market effect on the beach, such as structures as
harbors and piers modifying the natural movement of beach material so as to cause profound changes in the
immediate vicinity and adjoining areas (Zuidam and Zuidam, 1978). They also
said that marshy or muddy land areas in the coastal zone which are covered and
uncovered by the rise and fall of the tide are called tidal flats and these areas exist around the Segara
Anakan. Typical of such flats are strongly curved, wide-open creeks and
vegetation patterns. The vegetation differences causing such patterns are the
result of differences in elevation, texture and water qualities. Beach ridges
are continuous mounds of beach material formed immediately behind the beach by
wave action. Ridges may occur singly or in a series of approximately parallel
deposits. The Cilacap region is formed by smoothly curved sandy beach ridges
stretching continuously from Nusa Kambangan to Karangbolong, interrupted only
by rivers which enter the Indian Ocean.
Numerous older beach ridges, approximately parallel to the coastline of today,
can be traced inland, and they record stages in shoreline progradation. They
are absent from the Segara Anakan area, which was always protected from wave by
the hill of Nusa Kambangan, and are best developed along those parts of the
coastline most exposed to the South-East winds (Verstappen, 1975).
The Segara Anakan Environs
are the only extensive lagoon mangrove complex remaining on Java. It is highly
productive, supporting coastal fisheries that are of prime economic importance
to the region. The ecosystem are made up of variety of major habitats;
mangroves, silt water marshes, intertidal mudflat, and open water. It is the
synergy of all of these habitats that underlines the importance of its
productive functions and environmental values, in particular its function as a
major nursery ground for many of the economically important fish/shrimp species
in the coastal waters. The true value of the wetlands has been long disregarded
but is now being increasingly recognized.
Wetland ecosystem s account for about
six percent of the global land area and are considered to be among the
most threatened of environmental resources. Wetland ecological systems contain
many animal/plant species, occupy key positions in natural resources
production, and perform vital functions with regard to nutrient cycles and filtering tasks. They regulate water flows,
provide a habitat for wild animals and birds and offer a rich variety of
products for people living in/or near the vicinity. The Segara Anakan lagoon
forms an ecosystem of considerable environmental and economic value. Freshwater
and nutrients from the rivers mix with sea water and detritus mater (leaf
litter) from the mangroves to forms a highly productive condition for both
lagoon and marine life. The lagoon itself is a highly productive fishery but
even more important, it is a nursery for shrimp and demersal finfish that are
primarily caught in coastal water outside the lagoon.
The lagoon has considerable
cultural value and significance; people have lived here for more than hundreds
of years. Due to the environmental destruction and man-made interventions the
livelihood of these people and a valuable ecosystem will be inevitably
annihilated if no action is taken. The lagoon is an important breeding and
resting ground for endangered wildlife, and it supports the south Java shrimp
fishery, which contributes substantial export earnings to the National
Government (Based on the report of Department of Fisheries, the annual
production reported at Cilacap is approximately 9,000 tons). Kampung Laut in
the Segara Anakan Lagoon area, consists of three villages are subdivided into
eight subvillages: Ujung gagak village
with the sub-villages of Karanganyar and Cibeureum; Panikel with Muara
Dua, Bugel and Panikel; Ujung Alang with Motean, Klaces (on Nusa Kambangan
Island) and Ujung Alang Baru.
Population and Population Number; and
Migration.
Among the villages, the most
densely populated is Panikel. Table 1 shows settlement areas, village
population and population density.
|
No |
Village |
Settlement Area (Ha) |
Population
|
Population Density (No. of
Persons/ha) |
|
1 |
Ujung Alang |
452.6 |
4,391 |
10 |
|
2 |
Ujung Gagak |
184.2 |
3,673 |
20 |
|
3 |
Panikel |
132.9 |
3,679 |
28 |
|
Total |
|
769.7 |
11,743 |
15 |
Source: Monografi Desa, 1997
The in migration into the
Kampung Laut is very low. On the other hand, a high out migration started in
the 1980’s, mainly by young people who look for employment elsewhere. Most of the
inhabitants were born in their villages. Only a negligible number of persons
have migrated into the Kampung Laut during the recent years.
The existing few schools are confined to the primary school level, and have been extended moderately to encompass most hamlets. Due to the instability of some of the newly accreted soil base, several of school buildings have been damaged, and after being repaired several times, are in a few cases no longer occupied. There are 12 schools in total, 9 elementary and 3 junior high schools located in Ujung Alang (4); Ujung Gagak (4); and Panikel (4). Some teachers such as those working in Panikel commute daily from Kawunganten, a practice that reduces the effective hours spent for teaching. The level of education of inhabitants of the Kampung Laut of Kawunganten subdistrict is shown in the following table.
No
|
Level of Education |
Ujung Alang |
Ujung Gagak |
Panikel |
Total |
||||
|
No |
% |
No |
% |
No |
% |
No |
% |
||
|
1 |
Elementary School |
452 |
73.2 |
256 |
61.7 |
296 |
65.6 |
1,872 |
61.5 |
|
2 |
Junior High school |
99 |
16.0 |
99 |
23.8 |
94 |
20.8 |
833 |
37.3 |
|
3 |
Senior High school |
62 |
10.0 |
56 |
13.5 |
58 |
12.9 |
328 |
10.0 |
|
4 |
Academy/University |
5 |
0.8 |
4 |
1.0 |
3 |
0.7 |
12 |
0.4 |
|
|
Total |
618 |
100 |
415 |
100 |
451 |
100 |
3,045 |
100 |
Source: Monografi Desa, 1997
The majority of inhabitants
of the Kampung Laut of Segara Anakan graduated from elementary school, and only
small percentage obtained on academic degree. The illiteracy rate was estimated
to be 30% and this still appears to be the case. However, this relatively high
percentage is most likely due to the fact that younger people with formal
education use to leave their village. According to preliminary interview that
has been conducted, there is a change in perception and attitude regarding
higher education. Many in the young generation are aware of the fact that on
alternative way of improving income and standard of living is to obtain higher
formal education. It is this group that
is most likely to emigrate as soon as individuals achieved an educational
attainment.
The primary source of income
for local people is the lagoon fisheries which have decreased from time to
time. There is engagement in new income sources like farming, mangrove lumber
and labor, but the options are limited.
The average level of per
capita household income of the villagers in the area generally does not meet
the minimum basic needs. According to the head of village (Kepala Desa), people
in Ujung Alang earn less than Rp 150,000.00 (Rupiah A hundred fifty thousands)
per month in the average. The average income of the people in Ujung Gagak is
much higher than that, reaching Rp 450,000.00 (Rupiah Four Hundred and Fifty
Thousands). Panikel, on the other hand, is certainly the most impoverished
village of the Kampung Laut. Here, most villagers are depending on marginal
rainfed farming. The low general income of the people in Kampung Laut is caused
by almost all people in the area worked and were employed in some capacity, but
underemployment was still a problem. Fishing was the almost common livehood,
but this was seasonal and depended on the weather and environmental conditions.
The accretion of land and
subsequent growth of the islands allowed more farming and gardening activities.
Small scale of farming augmented food supply for local consumption but
contributed little in income generation.
Flooding and inundation of
hamlets and agricultural lands poses a persistent problem in the perception of
villagers in Panikel. During the last
two years they were unable to work their paddies, and most of them had to look
for gainful employment outside the lagoon. They recall the flood about 12 years
ago that left their land covered with 1.5 m of mud and caused 8 deaths among
them. A decade ago, they suffered and acute famine and had to be supplied with
food by a private organization.
|
No |
Occupation |
Ujung Alang |
Ujung Gagak |
Panikel |
Total |
||||
|
No |
% |
No |
% |
No |
% |
No |
% |
||
|
1 |
Fishing |
936 |
29.3 |
779 |
32.0 |
483 |
16.7 |
2,410 |
22.8 |
|
2 |
Farm Labor |
603 |
18.9 |
491 |
20.2 |
796 |
27.5 |
2,465 |
23.4 |
|
3 |
Farming |
893 |
28.0 |
674 |
27.8 |
978 |
33.7 |
3,327 |
31.5 |
|
4 |
Other Labor |
193 |
6.1 |
69 |
2.8 |
143 |
4.9 |
503 |
4.8 |
|
5 |
Civil Service |
20 |
0.7 |
24 |
1.0 |
21 |
0.7 |
82 |
0.8 |
|
6 |
Others |
545 |
17.0 |
391 |
16.2 |
477 |
16.5 |
1,767 |
16.7 |
|
7 |
Total |
3,190 |
100.0 |
2,428 |
100.0 |
2,898 |
100.0 |
10,554 |
100.0 |
Source: Monografi Desa, 1997
Fishing is the dominant
source of income in Ujung Alang and Ujung Gagak, whereas in Panikel, farmer is
the main occupation (see table 3). In view of decreasing catches in the lagoon,
some people are in the process of shifting from fishing to farming.
Although the health standard
in the villages had apparently improved slightly since the time of the report
by White et al (1989), the sanitation and health situation in the
villages within Segara Anakan environs is still very poor. All villages suffer
from lack of Sanitary facilities and supplies of potable water, with the
exception of Klaces on Nusa Kambangan. The problem is compounded during dry
season. In Ujung Alang, water was piped from Nusa Kambangan, the underwater
pipe, however, was frequently hit by a ship and damaged in the process. It has
not been repaired yet, reportedly due to lack of funds. Potable water is now
ferried from Nusa Kambangan, a trip of more than 3 hours to Ujung Gagak.
Socio-economic impacts are positive and arise from the interventions that inhibit further loss of the lagoon’s resource base and introduce group strategies, through village organizations and women groups, for more sustainable management of the lagoon’s resources. They also arise from a specific interventions to improve village infrastructure, access to facilities institutional and legal frameworks, and income generating opportunities.
The sole mean of
communication within the lagoon of water transport. A number of privately
operated boats serve the Kampung Laut and provide transportation services on
call for passengers and goods, together with public transport boats. The water
way between Nusa Kambangan and Mudflats and Islands in the Lagoon is the
thoroughfare for large car ferries that communicate between Cilacap, Majingklak
and Kalipucang.
In 1903, the lagoon’s water surface was estimated to be about
6,450 Ha, it is now about 1,700 ha. In 1930, the mangrove forest was about
35,000 ha of robust trees, it is now about 12,000 ha of which only about 5,600
ha remains in slightly to moderately disturbed conditions. Without any
intervention, it has been estimated that, in less than ten years, the lagoon
would be completely filled in leaving behind swampy lands that would eventually
be converted into low yielding rain fed rice fields on marginal soils. The remaining mangrove forests would rapidly
disappear because of a lack of sustainable management systems and would
eventually be cut down by outsiders or by a subset of farmers/fishermen searching
for a ways to increase their incomes. If the lagoon is lost, it would be
impossible to reinstate its environmental integrity. The lagoons provides
habitat for 85 species of birds, as well as sea otters, other aquatic fauna,
deer, monkeys and several small mammals.
Basis for the mangrove reforestation
is Presidential Decree No. 32 of 1992 which demarcates landward zones: 50 m
wide from rivers, and 100 m from coastlines. If implemented, the areas along
the rivers in the Segara Anakan lagoon will covers approximately 2,800 ha.
Another document to be applied in the mangrove forest reforestation and
management program of the Segara Anakan lagoon and its mangrove forest is
the Mangrove Charter where the
government of Indonesia principally recognizes the importance of mangroves.
The mangrove area around
Segara Anakan is unique and particular in a global context: according to large
number of investigations in other part of the world (Hutchings and Saenger,
1954; cited from ECI, 1994), above ground biomass is the range of 60 to 200 m3/ha.
The highest reported value was 235 m3/ha. For Segara Anakan the
Ecology Team (1984) estimated biomass value of up to 590 m3/ha or
more than twice the highest value found elsewhere in the world.
The general most urgent
problem of the mangrove forest around the lagoon is its over-harvested status
and the partial devastation. A sign of the General over utilization is the fact
that villagers now return to harvest buttress roots of Hiritiera littoralis
for charcoal burning long after the trees has been cut, and likewise harvest
are real roats of Rhizophora Spp.
Contrary to the open-access
areas in the west lagoon, the condition of the protected zone in the eastern
part of generally good by comparison. However, even this protected forest (hutan
lindung), which is supposed to be protected, holds no large trees but must
rather be said to be in stage of healthy, early re-growth (source: information
obtained from Perhutani Cilacap, and observation from the project).
One of the challenges in
achieving improved standards of living in developing countries including
Indonesia, and more specifically in the Segara anakan Lagoon (Cilacap, Middle
Java) is to increase agricultural and fisheries productivity without causing
environmental degradation. In the face of rapidly growing populations,
productivity of land must not only be preserved but must be increased to meet
the demands for food and fiber. Java is blessed with a rare combination of
soils and climate that can support some of the world’s highest rural population
densities. But even Java is stretching the limit of carrying capacity of its
deep soils and ample rainfall.
Farmers on the margin of
agricultural society have traditionally relied upon shifting cultivation to
produce crops on low land and sloping lands. Under conditions of low population
density and long fallow period,
shifting cultivation can be a sustainable form of agriculture. If population
growth and competition for resources shorten the fallow periods and prevent the
return of the forest, then forest ecosystems degenerate. The intensive use of
tropical rain forests is often followed by human impoverishment and by the loss
of millions and millions of years of evolution, not only a plant, fish and
animal species, but of the most complex biotic communities in the world. When
pressures of increasing populations and growing demands by lowland interests
for upland resources (plantations, forest products, water, hydropower, and
recreation) constrict the agricultural land base, then shifting cultivators
must become settled, permanent farmers. If this transition from shifting cultivation to permanent
agriculture is not accompanied by sustainable farming systems, environmental
degradation and worsening poverty will result.
This Citanduy watershed is
located in the southern portion of West Java and covers more or less 446,000 ha
(including the Segara Anakan sub Watershed) of heavily dissected mountains,
steep slopes, and flat alluvial areas. Approximately half of the Citanduy watershed
is rolling hill country, with the remaining half almost equally divided between
mountainous area, mostly under 1,000 m in elevation, and alluvial plains. The
population is estimated to be about 3.4 million, for a density of 760
persons/km2 although the density of the Citanduy basin is slightly
higher.
The Segara anakan Basin
extends from the Sidoarjo lowlands, and the origin of the Cikujang River in the
west, to the Jeruklegi rivers in the east, and from the headwaters of the Cihaur
River in the North to Nusa Kambangan island in the south. The Segara Anakan and
its environs covers about 96,000 ha. The Segara Anakan area consists
principally of hydromorphic alluvial soils, dark gray alluvial soils, and a
small area of red latosols. Most of the geologic units in the Segara Anakan
basin are composed of volcanic material except for the reef limestone and
marine sediment near the Segara Anakan Lagoon.
The residual soils in the
hill areas, which make up about 85 percent of the Citanduy watershed, are being
eroded by rainfall impact and by stream channel cutting. This sediments are
transported by the various rivers in
the watershed to the alluvial plain. The average sediments yield have been estimated
at about 5 millimeters per year. Landslides and other mass movements of soil
and loose rock that reach active watercourses are also a significant source of
sediment as are mining operations near the riverbank. The filling rate has
increased to such extent that the surface area is estimated to decrease from
the current 1,400 ha to about 550 ha by the year of 2000 (ECI, 1987).
Management in the area has to focus on viable alternative income sources such
as appropriate aquaculture, offshore fishing, simple farming, animal husbandry
and, possibly, home craft. Land and
water tenure is also an increasing concern, especially if the people are to
have a hand in the management strategy for limited uses and control of fishing
methods. The fishing right system and land resource use system for mangroves
and farm lands can be developed. Education needs to be an integral part of this
process (Alan T. White et al, 1989).
Fisheries (present
conditions and key issues)
Between 10% and 30% of the population of the Kampung Laut are
engaged in fishing as their main source of income. Fish make up between 20% to
40% of catches, with the rest being crustaceans. Shrimp catches consist mainly
of juveniles caught in tidal traps, gill nets and cast nets. Catches and
average catch rates from the lagoon have
steadily decreased during recent years. Reasons from this are lagoon in
filling and subsequent reduction of volume of water and over fishing and over
harvesting. Destructive fishing gear such as fine meshes nets with mess sizes
of 4 mm and less are common (e.g. fishing gears called apong, wide tadahan;
White et al, 1989). This practice constitutes an acute danger to the
required rejuvenation of exploited fish stocks in the lagoon and in a near shore and offshore waters. As
consequence of increased fishing pressure and, consequently, of declining
catches, fishers now tend to change their orientation the southern coast of
Nusa Kambangan. Some of this fishers use homemade diving equipment and apply
pesticides in the capture of lobsters.
Fisheries regulations and
laws applicable to the fishery in Segara Anakan that are existent and
supposedly in force refer to a minimum mesh size of 25 mm; the use of
destructive fishing such as poisons and explosives is considered a criminal
offence. Other regulations regarding fishery that are in force are the
establishment of a task force to control the use of destructive fishing gear
and to deliver extensions services (Bupati Decision No. 253/1987). The task
force is headed by Dinas Perikanan Cilacap and representatives from the
private sector. The same decision affects the prohibition of jaring arad
in the lagoon. Other relevant regulations concern the establishment of
licensing team for the development of breakishwater fishponds (Decision No.
503/1988).
The key issue facing the Segara
Anakan fisheries is better management of the fishery to optimize both within
Segara Anakan as a spawning and nursery area. At present, key constraint on
proper management are: 1) a limited ecological understanding of the
relationships between ocean and lagoon fisheries; 2) lack of accurate fishery
data; 3) a very limited fishery management system for making management
decisions and enforcing them.
The favorable conditions of
the lagoon and limnic environment in its western part attracted considerable
past and present development of shrimp farms. According to the information
given by Project Management Office (PMO of Segara Anakan Conservation and
Development Project), a high yet unknown percentage of farms were (and are)
developed without any licenses or clearance from either Perhutani or Kabupaten
(district). About half the farms are
under semi-intensive or modified intensive management regimes, where aerators
are used to allow for high stocking densities. Despite such technical
facilities and inputs, more or less all farms seem to be rather poorly managed.
The development process for
the Segara Anakan is located on the left of Citanduy river basin. Citanduy
river basin is drains into the Segara Anakan, any change in Citanduy river
morphology will influence the Segara Anakan Lagoon area. The capacity of the Segara Anakan Lagoon is
rapidly decreasing due to sedimentation and consequent decrease in depth of the
Segara Anakan Lagoon and this will effect
Cilacap Ocean port. The Sidareja-Cihaur plain and the Segara Anakan
tidal swamp area have a high potential for agricultural use. Aside from the
previous description of the Citanduy River basin, comprise of the Citanduy,
Cimuntur, Cijolang, Cikawung and Ciseel subriver basins with as area of 350,000
ha along with 96,000 ha. Segara Anakan has a great potential for land and water
resources development. The optimal utilization of land, water and human
resources in the Segara anakan along with the development of the Citanduy area can best achieved by plans considering
the project as single river basin development scheme.
The following plan for the
Citanduy River Basin of 446,000 ha are presented in chronological order
from the earliest known (M. Napitupulu
et al, 1982):
-
In
1933, prior to the world war II, the West Java Public Works Office (2e District
Verkeer & Waterstraat 1938) proposed a scheme for flood protection and
utilization of the Citanduy River Basin Water by the construction of strategic
flood deversion structures. From the study of the aerial photographs, it can be
seen that some of the proposed measures were put into effect with considerable
benefit. The old channel improvement measures are particularly easy to locate
on the photographs.
-
Blommenstein
(1948) proposed a plan for control the
lower Citanduy System as well as the
reclamation of the Segara Anakan Area. Under the Blommenstein plan, the Segara
Anakan and the surrounding tidal forest was to be converted into a big polder
(30,000 ha) by leveeing the Citanduy River on both sides and diverting the
Citanduy River Discharge directly into the Indian Ocean. The Segara Anakan
inlets from the sea were to be closed by means of cut-off levees located at the
eastern and western outlets to the sea and the resulting polder was to be
drained by pumping. He envisaged that local rainfall and irrigation water would
flush the salt water and eventually the area could be used for productive agriculture. For the development of
irrigation from the Cidanduy River, the Blommentstein proposal included the
diversion of a portion of the Citanduy River flow for irrigation purposes in
Lakbok area of West Java, and a second diversion for irrigation purposes in the
Sidareja area of Central Java.
-
PT.
Indah Karya Consultants (1969) were
commissioned to draw up a comprehensive development programme for the Citanduy
River Basin. This study proposed that the Segara anakan area be reclaimed by
diverting the flood flows of the Citanduy River into the Segara Anakan. The
diversion schemes were purposed at (a) Cilongkrang, to divert a maximum of 100
m3/second from the Citanduy
River to the Segara Anakan via the Cibeureum River and (b) at Nusawuluh, to
divert maximum of 200 m3/second from the Citanduy River via Cikujang River. In both cases the diversion
has a dual purpose, namely decreasing flood discharge in the Citanduy River and
accelerating sedimentation for the reclamation of the Segara Anakan area.
-
In
1975, as part of Master Plan Study of the Citanduy River Basin, Enggineering Consultants Inc. (ECI) proposed the
reclamation of the Segara Anakan lagoon, the tidal swamps, and the marshes by a
combination of cut-off levees in Segara Anakan outlet provided with gates. This
proposal (RCI 1975 a, 1975 b, Turner 1975 and Marr 1976) would virtually
prevent salt-water intrusion from the ocean and would create, within a
determined range of elevations, a fresh water lake (coastal reservoir). In
addition to reducing sediment inflow into the Segara Anakan and maintaining
reasonable capacity, it was proposed to divert the Citanduy River directly into
the Indian Ocean.
-
In
June 1976, As a result of further study, E.C.I. (1975 c) issued report, “
Segara Anakan Special Re-evaluation of Sedimentation”. The following conclusion
quoted from that report:” The recently obtained surroundings of the Segara
Anakan indicate that the volume has decreased in five years to 50 percent (56
MCM) of the 1971 value (112 MCM). By the time construction can be completed and
the project put into operation the fresh water reservoir (coastal) will have
diminished to a size too small to accomplish the project objective. Therefore,
it is the recommendation of the consultant that the sub-project as described in
1975 feasibility report be radically revised”.
-
In
the period of 1976 and 1978, after the abandoning of the Segara anakan
reclamation Sub project, The Citanduy River Basin Project proceeded with the
implementation of the other three aspects of water resources development,
namely: (a) designing a flood control scheme for the lower Citanduy Ciseel
Basin; (b) undertaking a feasibility study for the upper Watershed Conservation
Programme; (c) designing and rehabilitating various new irrigation drainage
schemes, namely rehabilitation of seven existing irrigation projects (13,000
ha) located in the Lower Citanduy-Ciseel area, and feasibility studies and
design of several new irrigation projects: Penulisan (600 ha), Banjar Plains
(795 ha), and Sidareja-Cihaur (20,400 ha). Specifically, the Sidareja-Cihaur irrigation
area covers the Sidareja and Cihaur (Sidareja east) areas and a part of the
Segara Anakan area which has already been converted into rice cultivation.
-
In
October 1979 Blommenstein (1979) again recommended the reclamation of Segara
Anakan and its environs by creating a polder in “A comprehensive plan for the
development of the controlled irrigation systems in Java and Madura” which was
submitted to the Department of Public Works.
Subsequently, The Asian
Development Bank is committed to promoting environmentally sustainable economic
development. Based on the chronological shown that since early thirttied,
several study teams have purposed different plans for the lagoon. There has
been a general shift from reclamation objectives to conservation the Segara
Anakan lagoon mangrove system in sustaining the lagoon and offshore fisheries.
The Integrated Management
Plan for Segara Anakan, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia (ASEAN/US, 1992) and
ECI (1987) report on the tourism potential of the area. According to the
report, 13,987 foreign and 63,457 domestic tourists visited area, mostly on
their way (by ferry) from Cilacap to Pangandaran, a beach resort located on a
small peninsula 10 km west of Segara Anakan. Only limited attempts have been
made to develop the area into a tourist destination in itself. With proper
management and government support, the area has a good potential for domestic
and international tourism development. The tourism Authority of Central Java
has designed a master plan (1998) for the conversion of Nusa Kambangan into
tourist destination. Major potential attractions are: Kakangbandung beach on
Wijaya Kusuma Island; Permisan Beach and pasir putih on Nusa Kambangan with
their white beaches; a number of caves with an attractive fauna; Indralaya
passage with its unique coastal system.
The plan prioritizes
eco-tourism over “un-natural” tourism in the sense of large areas of the
islands will be under protective management and conservation and that
development of tourism of tourism facilities are strictly limited to a certain
areas.
Details of the interventions
are discussed in ECI (1994). The Citanduy diversion will reduce the lagoon
sedimentation by about 95%; with 5% still being carried into the lagoon by
tidal currents. The rationale behind the planned Cikonde diversion is to
expedite sediments transport out of the lagoon before it has time to settle by
accelerating water flow and hence sediment transports. The diversion will reduce
the total sediment load of the lagoon to level that will be manageable by means
of an annual dredging program. This is actually very controversial because of
the dumpsite locations will be in areas that are very suitable for mangrove
rehabilitation and reforestation.
The main, if not the only
cause of the degradation of the Segara Anakan is certainly the uncontrolled
erosion in the upper watersheds on the river system. Increased erosion is
inevitable consequence of hill-side farming. The degree of erosion is dependent
on the slope of the land, the rainfall erosivity characteristics of the soil,
patterns of rainfall, and the agricultural practices of the farmer. Given that
upland farmers face significant cost in adopting soil conservation measures and
changes in farming system, they are unlikely to make changes in their land
management unless they can see an economic advantage in doing so. Upland
farmers presently dependent on low return cropping systems, such as maize or
cassava, may be aware that soil erosion is reducing their productivity, but may
not be able to afford conservation measures. For annual crops such as maize and
cassava, terracing can reduce erosion but without substantially raising
profitability. At the other extreme, farmers with very profitable crops that
are highly erosive, such as temperate vegetables grown on deep, highly
productive volcanic soils on steep slopes may not consider soil conservation if
their returns are not effected by soil erosion.
As outlined above a
participatory approach in the lagoon area is instrumental for the success of
the sustainably manage of the Segara Anakan lagoon. The awareness campaigns and
participatory inputs will also be instrumental in assessing the willingness of
the beneficiaries to actually pay for the various benefits they received.
The participation of the
local government, NGOs and the community will undoubtedly be a crucial part of
the management plan and follow up activities. This does not preclude
participation and support of the national government, but because of the nature
of the local resource use conflicts, people must agree to change their ways.
Law enforcement can not be the only means of changing use patterns. This very
large impact on the physical environment will only stabilize with significant
national support, planning and coordination with the upper River Basin Projects
and land use arrangements.
Micro level sustainable
mangrove management has to be prepared through the efforts to reduce the level
of wood-cutting in the lagoon, through local participation and group
management, and to encourage rehabilitation and upgrading of existing mangroves
and viable management options which provide incentives to local residents.
One approach would be to resurrect
and redirect local traditions of common property management in rice field
(sawah) formation and fisheries. Small groups at the hamlet level could be
given responsibility for managing specific segment of mangrove forests, and in
particular those within the vicinity of their residential areas. A second
challenge will be to develop techniques and incentives for rehabilitation and
sustainable management.
The natural resources of
coastal marine areas are unlike their terrestrial counterparts and therefore
require different forms of management, for example: coralreefs, beaches,
coastal lagoons and intertidal mangrove forest have no counterparts in
terrestrial resources. Threats to the productivity of these unique resources
systems arise from development activities and their side effects, such as reef
and beach mining, shoreline filling, lagoon pollution, sedimentation, and other
activities that are distinct from those on land. There is a need for the
management of the coastal area as a unit by integrating the management process
with all appropriate economic sectors.
The mangrove forest in
Segara anakan need some forms of protection, the Tumpang sari tambak
(alternating purpose ponds) project could be extended by following the plans
that have been prepared, guidance and instructions in forest management should
be given to the people in Kampung Laut (Ujung Alang, Ujung Gagak, Panikel) and
its surrounding, certain areas should be made available for the people in
Kampung Laut to use, for example as agricultural land, ponds, and regeneration
areas; the mangrove forest in Karanganyar (Ujung Gagak) should be made as a strickly protected forest because the
mangrove natural regeneration in here is the best. Due to consideration must be
given to major impacts: agricultural pollution, siltation from eroded uplands
and excessive cutting of mangrove for fuel.
Environmental stability
affected the community stability and community stability affected diversity, so
that, the general sustainable management
of the Segara Anakan environs would play an important role, and the
preparation of detail sustainable management should be based on the paradigm of
the sustainable development with a special attention has to be given to a transparent presentation and unrestricted
accessibility of information to the residents of the Kampung Laut.
It is strongly recommended
that shrimp farms operating in the lagoon will be properly charged, in form of
fees, for the environmental damage they have caused to the lagoon and its environment.
Two type of tambak operations have to be differentiated: on one side
there are traditional, low inputs, low investment farm under extensive
management that are exclusively operated by local residents; on the other side there
are high input, high investment semi-intensive farms that are operated by
outside investors.
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