Re-edited
Copyright © 2000 Farah Diba
Makalah Falsafah Sains
(PPs 702)
Program Pasca Sarjana
Institut Pertanian Bogor
Dosen: Prof Dr Ir Rudy C
Tarumingkeng
Bioassay of subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus queen pheromones:
isolation, characterisation and it’s
application as biological control to subterranean termites C. curvignathus
population
(A Research Proposal)
By:
Farah Diba
IPK 14600007
Introduction
Philosophy studies the fundamental nature of existence, of man, and of man's relationship to existence. As against the special sciences, which deal only with particular aspects, philosophy deals with those aspects of the universe which pertain to everything that exists. At the base of Philosophy are the sciences of Metaphysics and Epistemology. Above these branches is Ethics, and the highest branches of Philosophy are Politics and finally Aesthetics. The purpose of philosophy is to serve the guide to life.
Philosophical activity is not restricted just to the solving of problems, but the attempt to solve a certain range of problems is that main mark that distinguishes philosophical work from other forms of intellectual activity. Just what problems fall within this range is not easy to specify in a way that is at once accurate and informative. But we recognize such problems fairly readily, partly by way of family resemblances, and partly because philosophical problems usually involve relatively abstract issues that other, more easily defined disciplines typically ignore. In this individual paper, we presented the biological control of termite, especially on bioassay of subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus queen pheromones as biological control to subterranean termites C. curvignathus population.
Termites are common insects in the
tropic. They can be found wherever there are plant debris and cellulose
materials on which they feed. Some termites attack trees, crops plantation and
structural timber. They have been reported to cause serious problems to
homeowners and farmers. With the rising cost of houses, labour and planting
materials, the cost for house repair and tree replanting have increased
accordingly. One of the termite sprsies that can
incite costly damages to building is a subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren
(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).
C.
curvignathus, the most economically important
termite species in
This fact alone means the bait
concept differs fundamentally from another termite control, such as soil termiticide barrier treatment. Termite control using a
liquid termiticide requires creation of a continuous
soil barrier at all potential termite entry points into a structure. When succesfull, a soil treatment
prevents termite entry for many years. Ongoing control is gained through
regular inspections and spot or re-treatments when necessary.
In contrast, a
termite control bait targets the colony specifically. When
succesfull, the colony is eliminated, or reduced in
sufficient number until it posses no threat. This can be accomplished with
a relatively small amount of toxicant delivered to the colony by termite
workers. Once control is obtained, ongoing protection is accomplished by
monitoring for termite activity, baiting again if activity is noted, and then
employing an ongoing monitoring program to detect new activity.
The use of sexual pheromones in
control by baiting is now widespread. They are particularly useful for social
insect, such as termites and honey bee (Howse,
Stevens and Jones, 1998). The pheromones from subterranean termites
queen have a potential substances for used as a termite baits. Bioassay the
pheromones and identification the main componen of
pheromones will facilitate advances in understanding the control of sex
pheromones production and it’s role in the overall regulation of the
reproductive process (Roelofs, 1988).
It is necessary to isolation,
characterisation and identification the component of subterranean termites queen pheromones, and we can synthesis the
pheromones for control the population of subterranean termites with baiting
technique. In using the pheromones substrates as a toxicant bait to control the
population of subterranean termite colony, we can control the reproductive
process and elliminate the colony in a biological
control and environmentally friendly techniques.
Objective
To study the mechanism of bioassay of pheromones of
subterranean termites C. curvignathus queen.
From the bioassay pheromones, isolation, characterisation and
identification of structural pheromones is obtained and this information can be
used to synthesis a subtrates which is similar to the
pheromones component. The next aim is to application the synthesis pheromones
as biological control against subterranean termites C. curvignathus population
in baiting techniques.
Expected
outcome
1.
Bioassay the
pheromones of subterranean termites queen for another research.
2.
Information about
characterisation of the main component of pheromones of subterranean termites queen.
3.
A synthesis
pheromones of subterranean termites queen.
4.
Application the
synthesis pheromones as biological control which have no hazard for human and
environmentally friendly.
Material
and methods
The material for the research
are the pheromones of the subterranean
termites C. curvignathus
queen, n- hexane, pentane, methanol, aquadestilata,
dichloromethane, carbon disulfida, acetone, pentane,
carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, formaldehyde, extraction apparatus, Gas
liquid chromatography (GLC), fractionation apparatus, Electroantennography
apparatus (EAG), and NMR.
Source / pheromones Isolation /
of subterranean termites
concentration
C. curvignathus
queen
Bioassay
Separation /
fractionation
Synthesis Identification
Application as biological control
against
subterranean termites
Figure
1. Experimental
procedure and analysis methods of research activity on Bioassay of subterranean
termites Coptotermes curvignathus queen
pheromones: isolation, characterisation and it’s
application as biological control against the population of subterranean
termites
The activity of the research are (a
detail of the process referred to Blomquist and Dillwith ,1983)
:
1.
Establishment
of laboratory cultures.
2.
Design
of a bioassay and collecting emitted pheromones.
3.
Isolation
of pheromones and extraction of semiochemical with GLC .
4.
Comparison
of the responses to extracts with responses to live termites.
5.
Analysis
of the extractpheromones and Identification with EAG
(Electroanntennography techniques).
6.
Selection
of the fraction.
7.
Analysis
of the major components with Gas Chromatography.
8.
Formulation
of hypotheses about the chemical structure of the detected compound, followed
by synthesis with NMR .
9.
Comparison
of the behavioural effects of the synthetic compound with those of the active
fractions.
10.
Application of the
pheromones from synthetic
compound as a termites baits in laboratory.
11.
Field test of the
pheromones from the synthetic compound as a termites baits in the termite colony area.
References
Blomquist J.G. and Dillwith
J.W., 1983. Pheromones : Biochemistry and Physiology. J.
of Endocrinology of Insect. Alan R Liss
Incorporation.
Howse, P.E. ,
Stevens, L.D.R., Jones, O.T. 1998. Insect Pheromones and
their Use in
Pearce, M.J. 1997. Termites, Biology and
Roelofs. W.L. 1988. Chemical Control of Insects by
Pheromones. Academic Press.
Schierwater B., Streit
B., Wagner G.P., De Salle R., 1994. Molecular Ecology and Evolution
: Approaches and Applications. Birkhauser Verlag. Boston.
Tarumingkeng, R.C. 1993. Biologi dan Pengendalian Rayap Tanah. Pusat Antar
Universitas Ilmu Hayat, Institut Pertanian Bogor.